Electrical Grapnel for Submarine Cables and Torpedo Lines

Tension Analysis of Submarine Cables During Laying Operations

This paper presents a semi-analytical approximation for a two-dimensional (2D) tension analysis of submarine cables during laying operations. In the analysis, based on geometric compatibility relations and equilibrium equations, a set of non-linear differential equations are obtained. The present model considers effects of ocean currents, cable ship motion, pay-out rate, water depth and materia...

Microbes, cables, and an electrical touch.

In nature, highly efficient and diverse consortia of microbes cycle carbon and other elements while generating energy for growth. Driving these reactions are organisms with the ability to extract electrons from the chemical substrates and transfer them to insoluble and soluble electron acceptors. One bacterial group in particular, Geobacter spp., can couple their respiratory metabolism to the r...

Phosphagen in the Electrical Organ of Torpedo

Ultra High Transmission Capacity of Undersea Optical Fiber Cables for Upgrading UW-WDM Submarine Systems

This paper has proposed ultimate optical transmission of ultra multi transmission channels huge submarine cables has been investigated under different depth conditions. Conventional forward Raman amplification technique is considered taking into account the reduction of the four wave mixing (FWM). The double impact of both ambient temperature and pressure effects are also investigated. The tran...

Submarine Optical Cables as a Key Component in Undersea Telecommunications: A Review

Undersea fiber optic cables make the web worldwide. The main advantage of underwater optical fiber communication is the reliability of under cables. It is high due to extended repeater spacing. Submarine optical cable is the key component of the undersea optical system. Present paper discusses the various aspects of undersea optical telecommunications.